Ayuthaya is a former capital of Thailand. The capital was moved to Thonburi (now part of Bangkok) after Ayuthaya was sacked by the Burmese in 1767. All that remains of the old city now is the ruins of several temples and their surrounding buildings. Once upon a time thousands of people would have lived in the temples and surrounding areas.
To properly visit all of the main sights you need to set aside a whole day. There are 4 or 5 main sights to see and several smaller temples. It makes for a very absorbing visit and it's packed with history. But pace yourself, you are closer to the Central Plains of Thailand and the heat is stifling especially if you visit between April- September.
It takes about an hour to get here by road, longer if you take the boat from Bangkok.